Different Research Methods Essay Example for Free

Different Research Methods EssayWhen it comes to their health, workers always contend best. (Workers Health International Newsletter No. 42). Analyse the different research orders that unions and workers social function to identify ill health ca subprogramd by work.IntroductionThe topic I have elect to look into for this assignment will be When it comes to their health, workers always know best. (Workers Health International Newsletter No. 42). Analyse the different research methods that unions and workers use to identify ill health caused by work. I have chosen to look into this subject to see what different research methods are out in that respect and what kind of information we stacknister gather from them. I will do this by analysing and evaluating each known method, and hence establishing which is more suitable for my own workplace.I intend to be able to use some(a) of these research methods on my members and in my workplace, to see if there are any potential hazards in the workplace. After savouring out some of these research methods I will collate the data and if an issue is raised create a plan of action to eliminate the occupation. I also intend to share my findings with my members and present this data at the next health and safety meeting.What types of research method is there?A simple research method would be to look and listen by this I mean observe your surroundings, listen to members concerns, check things like the accident book or has there been a number of claims? A nonher type of research can be to do comparisons between different things in the workplace for example does one rural area have more accidents then another or does an area have additional hazards compared to others. A re everyy useful research method for trying to find out if there is a specific health problem with your work is trunk mapping. Body mapping is a way of identifying common patterns of health problems amongst workers in a particular workplace or doing the same job.Whilst it is not certain that any such common ailments are work-related, it highlights areas for further investigation. A similar technique is run a risk mapping/hazard mapping where instead of high spot areas of pain on the body like a body map does this highlights risks on a map of the workplace. From this map you will be able to ready up a clear picture of where the hazards lie in the workplace.One of the most popular types of research is to do a spate, this may be because there are lots of different ways you can do heaps and you can tailor them to be as specific as you want. You dont regular(a) have to come up with the questionnaire yourself as there are a lot of pre made ones online which may fulfil your needs. Another research method is to visualize records to see if you can find any anomalies or similarities in the data. Records can range from asbestos registers to pesticide passports.Pros and cons of research methodsBody mappingOne of the pros of body mappin g is that it is a simple starting point to be able to identify health problems within the workforce. Another advantage is that it is very easy to set up, and very quickly to be able to participate in, even those with disabilities and those who are not English speaking can partake, which should encourage people to take part. The results can be swiftly obtained, and are clear and easy to present to management. A strength of using this method is that it can raise health and safety awareness in the workplace, and then finally body mapping can be anonymous, hopefully encouraging more members to buy off involved.A weakness of the body mapping method is that it is single a starting point for investigation, and it is hard to pin down to work issues, and so you would need to follow it up with different research methods, for example surveys and discussions to try and highlight what the hazard may be. A disadvantage is that all employees who have taken part would need to do the same job in ordination for the data to work or you have to do multiple body maps (the hazards may vary from job to job).SurveysOne of the advantages of using the survey method is that it can be conveyed in multiple ways, such as email, internet, paper or post. This style of research makes it easy to tar impart large populations of people. Another pro is that the survey can be as specific or general as you like, dependent upon the questions you wish to ask. You can ask open questions which will give you little responses, or closed questions which are quick to interpret data from and you will pose fast results.By using this method you can repeatedly use the same survey over a period of time to assess any changes that may be taking place. A disadvantage of this method is that survey design often requires special skills from the researcher in sampling proper question design and analysis. Another weakness is open questions can create a lot of data which is time consuming to analyse and it may als o put people off participating. Surveys might not be accessible to all members, such as foreign workers or people with disabilities. Another drawback is that it is difficult to get people to participate as it takes too much time to recognise or they cannot be bothered.Risk mappingBy using the risk mapping method, it can highlight to workers any potential hazards that they may be opened to, and any physical, chemical or biological problems that might arise when doing the job. Workplace risk mapping is a technique where workers can get together to get these concerns down on paper. This approach takes the control away from experts like health and safety professionals, by using the knowledge of workers and acknowledging the essential contribution they make, and are create from everyday experiences. Risk maps can be enhanced if the hazards are coded using colours or symbols, it may even be possible to match these codes to areas with body mapping results. An advantage of using this met hod is that it can allow workers to keep track of managements activities to remedy the hazards the map has identified.A disadvantage of the risk mapping method is workers may lack interest in the process, and wish to ignore hazards in their work area, especially if they have been doing the job for a commodious time, not wishing to change from what they have been doing (they may be scared of change). A weakness can be seen to be employers not enforcing the findings of the risk mapping, indeed encouraging members to work unsafely. There could be an issue with members not wanting to take part due to a worry of pressure from management to get the job done. A weakness could be that if there is a lack of commitment from employers once issues have been highlighted, there could be a break in the risk being removed or controlled.Conclusion and recommendationsAfter analysing various types of research methods, it is clear that no method is perfect. It seems that depending upon the type of d ata required, this may determine which method is best to be rolled out. Even the possibility that one research method might not be enough to get all data required (the body mapping method may only be a starting point), and so more than one method may be suitable in certain faux pass. From analysing this data, when approaching the workforce it may be better to use more than one approach in order to accurately report potential risks to management. This approach will not only make the data more precise, but also make the case more conclusive. After looking into all the different research methods I intend to recommend that either the TU or the company, or both utilise some of the research methods, starting with body mapping and leading on from there to other techniques.

The play King Henry IV Essay Example for Free

The hunt down King henry IV EssayThe play King atomic number 1 IV revolves around a central plotline spanning a vast period of time encompassing numerous significant events. All of these events, however small, play a key role in the development of the characters as well as the themes within the play. The idea that in coming to power King Henry IV seized the crown, overruling the divine right of kings, is central to the constant theme of corruption and fear which runs throughout the plot.One of the main themes present is the journey from adolescence to maturity. Prince Hal is clearly a unrepentant character, plainly dangerously close to losing his right to rule. It would appear that his association with characters such as Falstaff and Poins have nothing but negative implications. This is a key deterrent example of an nonpayment from the aside into a new future. Hal is attempting to break away from the grasp of Falstaff and his tarnished past into a future of glory, maturi ty and strong leadership.The idea that in situation past events can have a positive effect is then developed. In a conversation with the King, Warwick states that the Prince but studies his companions like a strange tongue, wherein, to pee-pee the language. This implies that through his knowledge of characters such as Falstaff, and past experience, Prince Hal is in fact gaining a skill that will eventually lead to successful leadership. This past brio clearly has an influence on Hal, as it truly demonstrates to him the danger of straying far from the path that one would expect him to take. It seems fair therefore to assume that without this seemingly negative section of his upbringing perhaps he would not later have become a responsible ruler.King Henry IV himself is as well running from a past that haunts him and keeps him awake through the night uneasy lies the head that wears a crown. This unrest is partially down to worry c erstrning Prince Hal, but is besides related to t he way in which Henry himself seized power. Henrys trouble stems from his own uneasy conscience and his uncertainty about the legitimacy of his rule. Previously he had illegally usurped the stack from Richard II, therefore breaching the divine right of kings, a power bestowed upon the monarch from God.This past troubles him greatly and suppresses his ability to become a great leader. The influence of the past on Henry IV is clearly great there is no escape from it other than impending death. Therefore one can assume that throughout the play he is simply running from past events rather than focusing on the future, in this case the future of his country. This is therefore an example of how in King Henry IV Part II the past overshadows the present and the future.The role of Northumberland as a leader of rebellion forces is also influenced by decisions made in the past. In the battle of Shrewsbury he decides not to lodge his military forces, which ultimately leads to the demise of his son, Harry Hotspur. Therefore later in the play when the rebellion forces call upon him once again his refusal to send troops to aid his son introduces an element of guilt as to whether to send reinforcements for the second battle. On one side it seems that due to his initial failure, sending troops would be the only way to regain honour, yet on the other hand it would seem horrific that he would not send troops to save his own son yet would be prepared to do so at this point. Therefore it would seem fair to argue that Northumberlands past decisions overshadow his situation at the present time, showing how that in the play the past has an influence over the present.Falstaff seems to be the only character who can, to a gunpoint, escape the confines of his past. This is mainly due to his nature, and his ability to escape from situations relying on his wit. Throughout his relationship with Doll Tearsheet it would appear that Falstaff had made many false promises, such as marriage and his word to repay his monetary debt to her. However, unlike King Henry he is not haunted by the worry of these events, he instead continues frontward allowing them to take their own path, only dodging out of their way when cornered with no chance of escape. He is well aware of his illnesses, yet would rather clean them aside and live his life day by day, he turns disease into commodity and flirts with Doll through a desire which has long outlived performance. In this soul one could argue that in Falstaffs case he lives for the present and the future rather than allowing his past to overshadow his current situation.Therefore, in conclusion it seems that to large degree the argument that the past predominately overshadows the future is valid. In the case of many of the main characters previous decisions and ways of life have a profound impact on the way in which they behave in present situations. The past is clearly a powerful entity and one which plays a key role in delimitate t he plot and decisions made throughout the play, in many cases overshadowing the present and destroying the future.

A More Perfect Union Speech | Barack Obama

A More Perfect Union Speech Barack ObamaThe actors line titled A More Perfect Union was delivered by Senator Barack Obama on March 18, 2008 at the National Constitution Centerin Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.The linguistic communication responds to the video of Barack Obamas other(prenominal)or, reverend Jeremiah Wright, in which Wright denounced the United States and acc intentd the government of crimes against pack of colour. The pundits and various news media outlets played the clip repeatedly on the television and YouTube.First, the Obamas speech take in charges to address the nation on their concerns of his affiliation with Reverend Wright. Second, the speech addresses the sustaining and prevailing issues of race indoors America and how it paralyses our nation.The speech is compelling because it possesses the necessary elements of effective and persuasive blandishment in summation, Obamas palaver works. Rhetoric is the study of fence arguments, see, and miscommunication. By addressing the misunderstanding and miscommunication connected to and perpetrated by racial discrimination in America, the audition sees precisely how effective Obamas speech is when attemptd through much(prenominal) lenses as the classical and 20th coulomb rhetorical theories and concepts from Aristotle, Richard Weaver, Stephen Toulmin, Chaim Perelman, and Michel Foucault.Barack Obamas speech echoes the rhetorical concepts of ethos, poignance, and countersign that explicitly discussed within Aristotles The Rhetoric. Ethos is how the speakers character and authenticity aids his or her capture of the listening w hereas pathos is a rhetorical device that alters the audiences perceptions through storytelling and emotional appeals (181). Logos uses reason to construct an argument and to covey an idea (182). Fin all(prenominal)y, kairos attempts to conceptualize the submit for the correct timing (201).Therefore, ethos, pathos, logos, and kairos are within the speech and expr essed in various ways, striking language and repetition, and through different receptors, emotions and sense.Ethos is accomplished on intellectual, spiritual, and biologic levels. Obama does this by giving factual information. He interjects historical references he explains the extent of his family tree. Thus, Obama gives creditability to his speech and validity to his message.He acknowledges that the press routinely looks for the latest evidence of racial polarization, non just in terms of white and black, except black and brown as rise up (Obama, par. 7). From this quote, the audience is being persuaded by the theoretical concepts of opposing arguments.The audience is fully awake(predicate) of the partition between the races, and the speech is very effective due to the fact that Barack Obama is willing to speak of what is often unspoken. When addressing his intellectual ethos, Obama mentions that he has gone to some of the best schools in America (Obama, par. 6).Secondly, he recites, We the people, in order to form a more perfect union, which is considerably recognized as the first line in the U.S. Constitution (Obama, par. 2). Even those who do not possess complete knowledge of the famous line immediately understand that something of importance is being conveyed to them.Thirdly, he demonstrates his awareness of past occurrences and present concerns on the global scale. Senator Obama recalls the legacy of slavery and Jim Crow within our nation (Obama, par. 24). He acknowledges the present dangers of conflicts in the Middle East and explains the cause of such conflict (Obama, par. 10). The audience is given evidence that he understands the role of history as sound as the contemporary global concerns affecting our nation.Furthermore, Senator Obama uses ethos to gain credibility with his knowledge of social issues that pervade our society nowadays. He states, The most segregated hour of American life occurs on Sunday morning (Obama, par. 12).He ackno wledges that the resentments of the black and white communities arent always expressed in polite comp each, still these resentments are manifested within our society in annihilating ways, like racism (Obama, par. 31). The audience feels that he is knowledgeable and credible on the immediate topics affecting our future and our daily lives.Ethos is also applied on a spiritual level by mentioning his present faith and making Biblical references. He states that more than twenty dollar bill years ago he was introduced to Christian faith with obligations to know one another, to care for the sick and lift up the poor (Obama, par. 13). He noted how black people merged with the stories of David and Goliath, Moses and Pharaoh, the Christians in the lions den, and Ezekiels field of dry get up (Obama, par. 16).Senator Obama is altering the language. Christians did not exist in the Old Testament story of Ezekiel, but Senator Obama is effectively connecting with every major religion. Simultan eously, he is reaching out to the blase world as well. Being cognizant that everyone does not actively practice a religious faith, Obama chooses stories that everyone, Christians and non-Christians, could identify and recognize. Thus, these religious references connect with masses as well as members of the three major religions.Finally, Senator Obama gains ethos by explaining his own genetic makeup. He states that he is the son of a black man from Kenya and a white cleaning lady from Kansas He continues that he is married to a Black American who carries within her the blood of slaves and slave owners Then, he acknowledges that he has brothers, sisters, nieces, nephews, uncles and cousins of every race and every hue scattered crosswise three continents (Obama, par. 6).In essence, he reveals that he has the blood of Africa, the birthplace of humanity, and the blood of a woman of French descent within him. He has married a woman who has both slave and slave owner flowing within her. M oreover, he has fathered children who assume the blood of humanity African, European, slave, and the Caucasian slave owner within them. Thus, he is an authority on race.He states, his story is seared into his genetic makeup the idea that this nation is more that the sum of its partsthat out of many, we are genuinely one (Obama, par. 6). The audience revels at his remarkable story, and ethos is achieved through storytelling. In essence, Obama forges a biological connection with his audience.The connection is strengthened through Senator Obamas use of pathos. It is achieved through the use of emotional appeals. He alters the thoughts and feelings of his audience through storytelling, imagery, and allusion. The topic of race, within itself, evokes strong emotions, even to this very moment, this very second.The senator begins by telling a story of his grandad who survived a Depression to litigate in Pattons army during World state of war II (Obama, par. 6). The use of key terms suc h as Depression, Pattons army, and World War II evoke the emotional responses of patriotism and self-sacrifice.Toward the end of his speech, Obama shares another story he tells of a young, white, Southern campaignerAshley Baiawho inspires an old, black, Southern man to vote (Obama, par. 45-46). In essence, Baia encourages pathos by telling her story. Barack Obama uses Baias story of inspiration to highlight the power in sharing his own story.The audience is able to connect through the emotional appeals that defend place at the very core of humanity. It is easy to disrespect and dishonour something that is foreign and unknown, but it is hard to turn away from the essence of another mans soul. As fellow humans, the audience recognizes the sheer humanity in the story.Pathos is also achieved through the use of allusion and imagery. The imagery that is provoked with terms such as slave or slavery is still poignant today. Most people are cognizant of the plight of slaves within this coun try. The audience would be aware of the racism that ensued and the wipeout and isolation that slavery caused in American history.When Barack Obama describes the various ways that racism manifested within our society, pathos is achieved because of the powerful imagery of the allusions to race and racial conflicts within our fraternity. The audience is trapped and becomes aware of the prejudices and experiences of race and racism within their own lives, thus causing emotions to surge and overflow.Pathos, being the weakest form of rhetoric, is utilized by Senator Obama sparingly. Instead, he overpoweringly utilizes the most powerful form of rhetoric, logos. Logos is the ability to embody rational, logical, methodical thoughts and persuasions.As it relates to Obamas speech, examples of logos are found throughout the text. For example, by displaying objectivity, the element of logos is achieved. Senator Barack Obama methodically explains the problems with race within America, and he g ives logical, reasoned resolutions to the problems.He explains, The anger of Blacks and the memories of humiliation and doubt and fear have not gone away, nor has the anger and harshness of those years Later he offers resolution and states that the Afro-American community must embrace our past without becoming victims of our past (Obama, par. 34).Many African-Americans will identify with Obamas assessment of race within the African-American community, and they will be inspired to act in a positive mien.Simultaneously, he acknowledges a similar anger within the white community. They feel theyve worked hard all their livesThey are anxious about their future, and they feel their dreams slipping away and resentment builds over eon Furthermore, he offers resolution and urges that the white community must acknowledge that what ails the African-American community does not just exist in the minds of black people that the legacy of discrimination exists (Obama, par. 36).From these lines , the audience is persuaded to respond in a positive manner as well, and they are urged to approach the subject of racism both subjectively and objectively. Senator Obama recognizes the duality of both plights and asks the American people not to blame each other but investigate and seek out the true reason of conflict within our nation.Thus, Obama is using inductive and deductive reasoning, which is indicative of logos. By utilizing Aristotles method and system, Obamas appeals to logic are beyond reproach. Once his reasons are defined, he states that this is the time that we must take action and secure our future unneurotic, and Obama begins to preach on the importance of time.The issue of time and timing directly correlates with the classical rhetorical term kairos. Obama conveys time in a powerful fashion. In the beginning of his speech, he states, Two c and twenty one years ago our forefathersproduced a document that was eventually signed, but ultimately unfinished. It was sta in by the nations original sin of slavery that brought the convention to a dead end until the founders chose to allow the slave trade to continue for at least 20 more years, and leave any final resolution to future contemporariess (Obama, par. 3).Later, he explains how people often manipulate race to win political elections and prevent unity. Barack Obama speaks of the continual war between segments of our community. Then he states, But race is an issue that I believe this nation cannot afford to ignore right now (Obama, par. 23).Furthermore, he acknowledges the complexities of race in America have never been resolved. He urges Americans to come together and solve the challenges in America (Obama, par. 33). He persuades the audience to racial relations within America a priority.In summary, kairos is aggressively addressed and highlighted. The audience realizes that the problem at lapse may have been ignored by our forefathers, but these problems must be addressed now.Toward the e nd, kairos reaches its peak of effectiveness. Obama states that what has been effectively dividing the races in the past will not chance againNot this time. This time we requisite to talk about crumbling schoolsThis time we wishing to reject the cynicismThis time we deficiency to talk about healthcareThis time we want to talk about jobsThis time we want to talk about raceThis time-This time we want to talk about the men and women of every colour and creed who serve together, and fight together, and bleed together under the same proud flag (Obama, par. 40-41).From these lines, the audience feels the urgency of time the listeners realize that this time America must act. Obama effectually uses the sophistic rhetorical theories and concepts to ignite and unite the audience however, he also incorporates modern-day rhetorical theories and concepts as well.Specifically, Senator Obama utilizes the hierarchy of definition, analogy, cause and effect, and testimony of the 20th century rhet orician, Richard Weaver. In the introduction of Language Is Sermonic, the narrator summates Weaver as stating, Rhetoricis a positive act with consequences in the worldEvery utterance is an attempt to make others see the world in a special way and accept the values implicit in that point of view (1348).Similarly, Obama desires to persuade the audience to see the world from a different perspective, a different lens.First, toward the beginning of the text, Obama defines the Black church. He states, Black churches across the country embody the community in its entirety-the doctor and the welfare mom, the model student and the former gang-bangerServices are full of raucous laughter and sometimes bawdy humour Full of good-will and cruelty, the fierce intelligence and the shocking ignorance, the struggles and successes, the love as well as the bitterness and biases (Obama, par. 18).If one really looks closely at the definition, it is also a definition of America as well as the Black chur ch. By explaining the polarity within the Black church, he explains the polarity within America as a whole.In this way, Obama uses rhetoric in a positive way to impact his audience and highlights that every utterance is an attempt to make others see the world in a particular way through definition.Second, Weaver asserts, Rhetoric is the most important of all ends, the persuading of human beings to adopt right attitudes and act in response to them (1351). From these lines, one can examine Senator Obamas use of twentieth century rhetorical theories and concepts. Obama uses cause-and-effect by illustrating the history of racism within the United States (1354). He statesWe do not need to recite here the history of racial injustice in this country. But we do need to remind ourselves that so many of the disparities that existed between the African-American community and the larger American community today can be traced directly to inequalities passed from an earlier generation that suffer ed under the brutal legacy of slavery and Jim Crow (Obama, par. 24).In essence, Obama is stating that the racism today has a sordid past in our history it can not be ignored, but it must be confronted, discussed, and acted upon. Obama is using this cause-and-effect to play on the emotions of his audience.Everyone is aware of the gruesome history, yet, as Weaver puts it, Humanity includes emotionality or the capacity to feel and suffer, to know pleasure (1352). From these lines, it is obvious that Senator Obama uses cause-and-effect to evoke an emotional response and mold the audience to his point of view.Furthermore, Barack Obama utilizes the elements outlined by Stephen Toulmins The Uses of Argument. He uses the schema of the six components in analysing arguments qualifier, phone call, data, warrant, backing, and rebuttal.The qualifier is the word or phrase that expresses the speakers degree of force or certainty concerning the claim (1418). Next, the claim is the conclusion whos e merit must be established (1417). Then, the data is the fact we appeal to as a foundation for the claim (1417). The warrant is the statement authorizing our movement from the data to the claim (1419).The backing is the credential designed to certify the statement expressed in the warrant backing must be introduced when the warrant itself is not convincing enough to the readers or the listeners (1420). Finally, the rebuttal is the statement recognizing the restrictions to which the claim may legitimately be applied (1421). The following examples appearing how Obamas speech utilizes these principles as wellFirst, by working together, we can move beyond some (qualifier) of our old racial wounds (claim) by virtue of asserting a firm conviction, a conviction rooted in my faith in God and my faith in the American people (data), because we have no cream if we are to continue on a path of a more perfect union (warrant), as we know its a racial stalemate weve been stricken in for years (backing)Second, the vast majority (qualifier) of Americans want the issue of race to be resolved (claim) by virtue of the desire to perfect our society by young people whose attitudes and beliefs and openness to change have already made history in this election (data), because there is hope in the next generation (warrant)(Obama, par. 33, 42)Similarly, as a rhetoric, Obama uses Chaim Perelmans techniques to connect to his audience. Perelmans The Realm of Rhetoric states, The importance of rhetoric, of the psychological technique which acts upon the hearers will in order to obtain his adherenceBy showing that for any subject there are two opposing talk aboutsthe existences of one single truth is denied (1379).From these lines, the audience can assume that Senator Obama verbalizes the plight of black, white, and brown Americans. He dismisses a single truth, and Obama accepts multiple truths within a society. He promotes inclusion and commonality among all people despite socio-econom ics or race, and Obama encourages them to look at both sides of the argument. Thus, he uses psychological techniques in order to connect with his audience.Similar to Aristotles rhetorical concept of kairos, in Chaim Perelmans The New Rhetoric A Theory of Practical Reasoning he states, Political speakingurges us either to do or not to do something (1387).Not this time. This time we want to talk about crumbling schoolsThis time we want to reject the cynicismThis time we want to talk about healthcareThis time we want to talk about jobsThis time we want to talk about raceThis time-This time we want to talk about the men and women of every colour and creed who serve together, and fight together, and bleed together under the same proud flag (Obama, par. 40-41).From these lines, Obama is traffic for action. He is urging the audience to respond and respond now. Using anaphora, the importance of acting now is echoed over and over again. It provokes emotion, pathos. He is promoting social co hesion in his audience.Furthermore, Perelman states, Things present, things near to us in space and time, act directly on our sensibility (1395). Obamas speech parallels this concept. Obama begins by making allusions to Americas historic pastTwo hundred and twenty one years ago our forefathersin a hall that still stands across the streetproduced a document that was eventually signed, but ultimately unfinished. It was stained by the nations original sin of slavery that brought the convention to a stalemate until the founders chose to allow the slave trade to continue for at least 20 more years, and leave any final resolution to future generations (Obama, par. 23).From this quote, Obama even reflects the idea of time, past and present, in the very location in which the speech is given. He is connecting the past to the present. This quote highlights the importance of the location of Obamas speech on race, and how the event at the location has made the present setting possible.Finally, Michel Foucaults The Order of Discourse can easily be applied to Senator Barack Obamas speech on race in America the political speech delivered in March 2008 concerned the taboo subjects of racism and how racism affected our religious rhetoric.According to the text, Foucault remarks, The desire to locate truth in something other than discourse itself hasspawned several mistaken beliefs Foucault questions the will to truth and attempts to restore to discourse its character as an event (1432).Likewise Obama seeks to locate truth in his own experiences and through the invitation of discourse with the audience. Senator Obama discusses the discourse of race in America in a reasonable and logical manner, yet he also seems sincere, full of character, and an expert on the topic.Toward the beginning of The Order of Discourse, Foucault states, I should not like to have to enter this risky order of discourse (1460). Obamas speech is a risky order of discourse. Racism in America is, in many way s, ingrained and engraft within the culture. There are deep wounds that accompany a deeply wounded history.Foucault remarks, In a society like oursWe know quite well that we do not have the right to say everything, that we cannot speak of just anything in any circumstances whatever, and that not everyone has the right to speak of anything (1461). Foucaults statement sums up Senator Obamas dilemma. His pastor has spoken words that should not have been uttered-publically at least.Obama states, Weve heard my former pastor, Jeremiah Wright, use incendiary language to express views that have the potential not only to widen the racial divide, but views that denigrate both the greatness and the goodness of our nation and that rightly offend white and black alike (Obama, par. 8). In our society, it is simply not acceptable to transmit racism in a public and formal manner.Racism exists, but it is most often in the subtleties and conveniences of familiar spaces and private homes. Thus, Obam as willingness to have an near conversation on the taboo subject of racism in America is a risky order of discourse.To reiterate, the speech delivered by Barack Obama in March 2008 exemplifies effective rhetorical theories and concepts. Obama hopes to heal Americas turbulent racial legacy and move forward, from the negativity of the past, in a positive, logical manner through ethos, pathos, and logos appeals.First, Senator Obama argues against the long standing racial climate that exists within American society. Second, he broaches subjects that are often discussed in the private sphere but rarely discussed openly. Third, he wants the audience to know that he is an articulate, vibrant, and diverse African-American man who is capable of leading this country forward. Finally, he uses rhetoric to calm the misunderstanding of his personage and his controversial affiliation.In essence, he uses many elements that are exemplified in the classical and modern-day study of rhetoric, blends a nd expands new rhetorical devices in order to conjure up the message, and effectively reaches a broad audience composed of multiple ethnic groups, multiple religions, and multiple socio-economic divisions.Through the rhetoric of language in the speech, Senator Obama proposes to have an honest conversation on race and unite the historical racial divide. In summary, the speech effectively connects to the audience through the multi-media of rhetoric.

Coming of Age In Mississippi

Coming of Age In MississippiThe life of Anne Moody and the stock-stillts of the accomplished rights move are chronicled in her autobiography and a check called Coming of Age in Mississippi which was published in 1968. In this essay, this autobiography allow be drawn upon and her sake in the military campaign will be analyzed. The thesis for the essay is that Anne Moodys change in perspective rough the action brought about a shift in the well-bred rights movement.Biographical taradiddleAnne Moody was born in the Jim line-shooting era in Mississippi where she was also raised as a kid. The details of racism, patriarchal control, injustice and her involvement with grassroots organizations such as Congress of Racial Equity (CORE), National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating commission (SNCC) have been documented in her autobiography. Moody, as a graduate of Tugaloo College, reflects upon her participation with loc al leaders and other(a) Tugaloo students in army to protest against racial injustices. Her account includes a piece of history, which comes from meeting many leaders and witnessing many unforgettable movements, which otherwise would never have been documented or told. Anne lends her story and voice with narrating events such as Emmett Tills lynching, Medgar Everss assassination sit-ins and rallies in which she fully participated (Page, 2007).Factors Influencing Moody to become Involved in the MovementAnne Moody witnessed the worst form of racism and inequality in Mississippi in the era of Jim Crow. However, the biggest factor that contributed to Annes involvement in the movement was that she was a daughter of poor African American family and a female. Her puzzle left the family when she and her other 8 siblings were still very young. Moodys mother supported her nine children through restaurant work and domestic chores. Moody attended a segregated school in Centreville in which she seemed to be a bright student despite her impoverished conditions. Anne witnessed a lot of discrimination against women and the African Americans in the area where she lived since her childhood. Being and African American and moreover a female, she experienced a lot of discrimination and racism herself. She was active throughout her college life which hale her to work for the independence of women from discrimination and get them voting rights, to create a history for the Southerners and give the African Americans the freedom they deserve and await (eNotes.com, 2010).Change in Moodys Perspectives about the Movement OvertimeMoody started to work in the fourth grade as she was the eldest in her siblings and her mother could not earn untold for the nine children. She won basketball scholarship at junior college and an academic scholarship to Tugaloo College from where she graduated in 1964. Anne Moody became an activist in the civil rights movement while she was at Tugaloo Colle ge and maintained involvement with CORE, NAACP and SNCC. She was one of the three youngsters in 1963 who staged a sit-in at a segregated Woolworths lunch respond in Jackson. In the same year, Moody also took part in a march on Washington DC (eNotes.com, 2010).As Moody lettered that she was both an African American and a woman, she was quick to adapt to the situations which would have been fatal. She did not allow anyone to dominate her and did not accept being an inferior African American woman to any white person or men. She never became satisfied from or accustomed to the mandated subordination due to the white people in the US. Instead, her participation in the civil rights movement expanded when she began to challenge the myths, authorities, false heirs of superiority and assumptions in the society. Her perspective about the civil rights movement changed when she began to question her take for granted position and role in the society in opposition to the other white people. S he also began to ask other African Americans about their fulfilling roles and why they did not react against the white racists and discrimination (Page, 2007).As Moody continued to mature, her perspective about the movement changed when she learnt about the murders, the lynching and the threats to the lives of those African Americans who reacted to the impudence and rebellion that Anne has await to demonstrate (Page, 2007). These crimes not only disgusted her but also they stopped her from reacting or taking any actions as she writes in her book on scallywag 155 Negroes are being killed, beaten up, run out of town by these white folks and everything. But Negroes cant even talk about it (Moody, p.155). Moody constantly learned about the differences between expectations and behaviors and the rules governing the whites and the African Americans. She sought to move out of Mississippi as she never accepted the Jim Crow system. She moved out to New Orleans and Baton Rouge to live with h er relatives. She expected to find equality and more freedom there but was bilk there as she again encountered racism and prejudices. She learnt that the reality is that these flavors of discriminations and racism are present all over the Southern states (Page, 2007).When she returned to her home state Mississippi, she learned that it was even more difficult to live in the state than before as the fear of losing own life and the life of loved ones was pertinent in the African Americans. At this point in time, Anne Moody became fed up of the differences shown by the African Americans, her community, her friends and her family. She decided to step up and make a difference as she could no longer be afraid and inactive. She notes in her autobiography Courage was growing in me too. Little by little it was getting harder and harder for me not to mouth out (Moody, p.163). This led Anne to attend a greater number of meetings with the city leaders, other Tugaloo students and professors, an d activists. She participated in a number of marches, riots, meetings, rallies, sit-ins and many other activities in order to fight and plead for equal rights for all the African American citizens (Page, 2007).Reflection of Moodys Change in PerspectiveIn the 1950s, the major strategies involved in the civil rights movement were litigation and lobbying in order to abolish discrimination against the African Americans. However, in 1955, the black citizens became frustrated because of the gradual approaches of the state and federal governments to implement desegregation. The other reason for this frustration was the massive opposition from the proponents of voter suppression and racial segregation. Most of the actions that were taken in the 1950s and the early 1960s were nonviolent resistance and indirect actions by the African Americans.However, these actions were not voiced until the mid and the late 1960 when the civil rights movement took major steps such as the march on Washington and speech by Martin Luther King. In the past, it was difficult for the African American leaders to cooperate and work on a combined purpose. The strategy of the civil rights movement emphasized more direct actions and mass action replaced litigation. Therefore the civil rights movement reaped no results in the 1950s and early 1960s. However, when the African Americans unify and the people felt courageous, then only results such as nullification of the legal article of separate but equal, banning of segregation, banning of discrimination in employment practices in 1964 and restoring of voting rights. These broader shifts in the civil rights movement from the 1950s to 1960s hence reflect the changing perspective of Moodys activism. She was active at branch but then was discouraged by the lack of cooperation of the blacks and the height of murdering and killings of African Americans by the white people. Then she again became courageous and became active with participation in the ri ots and other strategies..ConclusionHence the change in perspective of Anne Moore about the movement was clearly reflected upon the broader shifts in the civil rights movement from 1950s to the end of 1960. The movement was taken by storm because of the mass action of the African Americans which can also be reflected by Moodys growing courage when she returned to Mississippi. Although Moody became disenchanted with the movement earlier when she moved out to another state, but she became an active member of the movement afterwards as the perspective of civil rights movement also shifted.

Vertebrae Compression Fracture Due to Extra-nodal RDD Case

Vertebrae Compression Fracture Due to Extra-nodal RDD CaseINTRODUCTIONRDD was first exposit by Destombes1 in 1965 as a rare, separate entity of benign self-limiting sinus histiocytosis with gigantic lymphadenopathy later Rosai and Dorfman2 in 1969, confirmed it as a separate clinic-pathologic entity. Although RDD whitethorn occur in any age group, it is most frequently seen in children and young adults. Isolated intracranial illness tend to occur older patients. The disease is more general in males and in individuals of Afri apprise descent . The most frequent clinical manifestations include fever, night sweats and weight with bilateral massive cervical lymphadenopathy. Mediastinal, inguinal and retroperitoneal nodes may also be involved. RDD is potentially systemic disease and may affect extra nodal sites up to 43% of all RDD patients. The common extra-nodal sites include peel off, upper respiratory tract, and bone. Skeletal social occasion as a sole manifestation of RDD is ex tremely rare, occurring in fewer than 2% of all RDD patients and maturate most frequently in long bones such as tibia, femur, humerus, clavicle and bones of the hands. CNS elaborateness is rare (5%), with 75% of cases involving the brain and 25% involving the spinal anaesthesia canal. Involvement of the CNS without concurrent nodal involvement is rare.3 Laboratory findings are non-specific with leucocytosis, neutrophil, elevation of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), hypergammaglobulinemia being the most common findings.We impart a rare case of vertebrae compression fracture due to extra-nodal RDD without lymphadenopathy later developed metastases to brain.CASE REPORTA 45 year old maam presented with h/o sudden onset of paraplegia. Work up was done and spinal mass was found. Later the patient underwent surgical debulking to releave her symptoms. The patient gradually improved. Histopathologically it was diagnosed as RDD. The patient was symptom free for 6 months, then she dev eloped sudden onset of seizures and lower limb weakness. MRI showed multiple cranial and spinal metastasis, sideline which the patient underwent craniotomy. The patient was only treated with whole brain radiotherapy of 30Gy. There was no improvement of symptoms. The patient eventually expired 6 months interest the completion of radiotherapy.DiscussionRDD in its classic draw is a benign, self-limiting histiocytic proliferative disorder that is characterized by massive lymphadenopathy. Most patients with RDD are in their second or third gear decade of life, the mean age of onset of nodal disease is about 20years, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.41. It is commonly report in African-Americans. The etiology of RDD remains unknown resistive system dysfunction and an autoimmune process or viral infection such as Epstein-Barr virus and human herpes virus type 6 digest been attributed with the pathogenesis of RDD. The presentation of RDD can be categorised into three sub types 1) tho se with only lymph nodes enlargement with sudden increase and spontaneous regression and without any further recurrences 2) those with immunologic abnormalities at presentation have a more widespread nodal disease and a higher fatality rate4,5 3) those with several extra-nodal site involvement, multi-nodal disease and a protracted clinical course with multiple relapses and remissions for years. In these cases, the severity of disease depends on the type and number of extra-nodal sites.6Patients who present with or subsequently develop intracranial involvement, become symptomatic at a later mean age (34.9 years), with a strong male predominance.7 Involvement of CNS is rare (5%), with 75% of reported cases involving the brain and 25% involving the spinal canal. Involvement of the CNS in the absence nodal involvement is rare.3 The most common intra cranial presentation is solitary dural establish lesion, but multiple intracranial lesions have also been reported. The suprasellar region , cerebral convexity, para sagittal region, cavernous sinus, and petroclival regions are most common locations.7 Only 11 cases of spinal RDD have been reported, of which 10 patients had an extra-medullary tumor. Seven patients presented with epidural lesion, three presented with intra dural lesions.8 Spinal cord compression has been reported in a few patients with spinal involvement causing neurologic deficits.9 Compression fracture due to spinal involvement of RDD has not been reported. CNS RDD is a rare benign histiocytic proliferative disorder, with imaging findings typically screening a meningioma-like, dural-based extra-axial mass lesion, which can be solitary or multiple. Imaging studies typically show an enhancing meningeal-based mass with a variable amount of edema border the lesion.Skeletal involvement of RDD as a sole manifestation is extremely rare, occurs in less than 2% of all RDD patients and involves the long bones such as tibia, femur, humerus, clavicle and bones o f the hands or skull, and is usually multiple. Skeletal lesions of RDD are intramedullary osteolytic with either poorly or sharply defined margins. Spinal Rosai-Dorfman disease can be misdiagnosed as meningioma when arising from dura or as metastatic disease of another cause when presenting as vertebral body disease.10 The most common derivative instrument diagnosis of a primary bone RDD includes bacterial osteomyelitis, fungal infections such as histoplasmosis and Langerhans cell histiocytosis.Definitive diagnosis requires tissue examination. Microscopically, lymph node enlargement with sinuses containing fully grown numbers of histiocytes with phagocytosed lymphocytes. This is a typical picture of RDD. Immunopositivity is expressed by these cells for both CD68 and S-100 protein, and negative for CD1a. RDD has a typical finding in histopathologic studies, that is emperioplesis a phenomenon of phagocytosis of intact lymphocytes, blood plasma cells, erythrocytes or neutrophils.11 LCH is a close differential diagnosis both on radiology and histology. Both histiocytes of RDD and LCH are positive for CD68 and S100, but CD1a is positive in LCH. alike Langerhans cell histiocytosis does not exhibit emperioplesis.Treatment in the majority of cases is not indicated as it is a benign and self-limiting.12,13 Therapy is indicated in patients with bulky extra nodal disease with involvement of vital organs or causing life threatening complications.13 Surgical resection or debulking can be considered as an option only when the nodal mass iss compact airway or intra dural lesion.13 When stop resection cannot be achieved, adjuvant radiosurgery can be give successful partial resection.14 Surgical excision of resectable lesions induced complete remission (CR) in 8 out of 9 patients.13The role radiotherapy in the treatment has not been established. Various medical alternatives in the management have been tried with limited results. Short term Systemic corticosteroids and pr olonged course low dose oral prednisolone has been effectively used in RDD with skin and lymph nodal involvement with respiratory obstruction.15 Steroids tend to alleviate the symptoms and decrease nodal size, recurrences have been reported following withdrawal of steroids. Chemotherapeutic agents have been used without any encouraging results. confederacy chemotherapy of low dose MTX and 6-MP, MTX/6MP/vinblastine/6-thioguanine and acyclovir with thalidomide have been tried with limited benefit to patients. It is possible that different patients with RDD may respond to different drugs. Targeted therapy in the form of imatinib, interferon- , cladarabine and more recently rituximab has also been in the treatment of RDD.

Synaptic Transmitters Involved in LSD Administration :: Serotonin Psychology Essays

Synaptic Transmitters Involved in LSD Administration The nearly synchronic discovery of serotonin (5-HT) and LSD-25 in the 1950 s encouraged a lot of research to be done on the relationship between LSD and serotonin, which helped to develop a greater understanding of the role serotonin plays as a neurotransmitter in the brain (Nichols, 2004). Today it is believed that LSD (and other hallucinogens) stimulate 5-HT2A sense organs (Kalat, 2004). Activation of these receptors causes cortical glutamate levels to increase. This is presumed to be a result of a presynaptic receptor-mediated release from neurons in the thalumus (Nichols, 2004).Early studies proposed that LSD antagonized the effects of serotonin on peripheral tissues. It was later proposed that the psychoactive properties of LSD whitethorn be a result of the blocking of serotonin receptors in the central nervous system (Nichols, 2004). This theory was short-lived however when it was discovered that a brominated differential g ear of LSD (BOL),a potent serotonin antagonist in peripheral tissues, was instal to have essentially no LSD like effects. In 1961, Freedman prepare that systematic use of LSD elevated serotonin content in the brain (cited in Nichols, 2004). In a later study in 1967, Rosencrans, et al. describe that LSD also reduced brain levels of acetic acid (5-HIAA) (cited in Nichols, 2004). The combined findings of these two studies demonstrated that LSD decreased serotonin turnover in the brain.It is now widely accepted that hallucinogen action is primarily located on receptor 5-HT2A. In a study done in 1955, scientists found that daily administration of LSD resulted in an almost complete loss of sensitivity to the drug after 4 days. It is now believed that this is a result of 5-HT2A receptor down-regulation (cited in Nichols, 2004). In a later study published in 1985, it was found that daily LSD administration selectively decreased 5-HT2 receptor assiduity in rat brains (Nichols, 2004). Stu dies have shown that activation of 5-HT2A receptors increase inhibitory post-synaptic potentials. However, when compared to serotonin, the maximum effect produced by LSD is 30-50% of that of serotonin. LSD is therefore a partial agonist, quite an than an antagonist (Nichols, 2004). Antagonists block the action of a neurotransmitter, whereas agonists mimic or increase the effects of a neurotransmitter (Kalat, 2004). Conversely, LSD is a weak agonist when compared to less foolhardy compounds with stronger behavioral influences. Therefore it is thought that LSD must either activate another monoamine receptor that works with

U.S. Foreign Policys Effects on Modern Turkey Essay -- Politics Polit

U.S. Foreign Policys Effects on Modern dud flop has managed to be halfway in and halfway out across most of the burn mark subjects of the past century. Tod Lindberg, The Washington Times (Lindberg) This statement best describes the relationship today between the United States and red-brick Turkey. It is a nation that plays a pivotal quality in U.S. foreign policy because of its strategic location and its democratic government. However, Turkey often is overlooked in the larger picture of U.S. foreign policy. Because of this, Turkey has managed to only be partially involved in major international affairs. To put it bluntly, America uses Turkey when it needs it, but other than that, Turkey is not a major priority of U.S. foreign policy. The problem with this situation is that Turkey often suffers. It can be noted that U.S. foreign policy has aided modern Turkey in several ways. However, for the most part, U.S. foreign policy has slowed the growth and development of modern Turkey. The disconnectedness War of 1991 left Turkey crippled, but it gained a strong relationship with the United States. Turkey played a crucial role in the first Gulf War and in post-Gulf War activities. During the 1991 Gulf War, Turkey allowed U.S. troops to operate on its soil and allowed its border to be used to wage a northern attack on Iraq (Ciarrocca). After the struggle was over, U.S. fighter jets used the Turkish air base, Incirlik, to patrol the UN-mandated northern no fly zone in Iraq (Hedges). Without Turkeys cooperation in these international affairs the campaigns would not retain been as successful as they were. However, Turkey did suffer because of its cooperation with U.S. foreign policy. Because of Turkeys role in the first Gulf war, it ... ...nd Turkey. 14 December 2003.? Greimel, Hans. (2003). ?World wary of more(prenominal) attacks, determined not to give in.?Associated Press (21 November). Found in Lexis-Nexis, keyword ?U.S. Foreign Policy? and Turke y. 15 December 2003.Hedges, Stephen. (2003). ?Turkey thrust into vital gulf role Nation leery of regionwidebacklash?. Chicago Tribune (21 January). Found at Global Security 16 December 2003. http//www.globalsecurity.org/org/news/2003/030121-turk01.htm. Lindberg, Tod. (2003). ?The odd man out Turkey forgotten in U.S. foreign policy.? TheWashington Times (17 June). Found in Lexis-Nexis, keyword ?U.S. Foreign Policy? and Turkey. 15 December 2003.Parris, Mark. (2003). ?Turkey?s Future steering and U.S.-Turkey Relations.?Federal News Service (1 October).? Found in Lexis-Nexis, keyword ?U.S.Foreign Policy? and Turkey. 15 December 2003.